What is the Difference Between Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins? Here we delve into looking at these 3 substances and find out how they work.
Proteins are macromolecules made up of linear chains of amino acids and composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). They also usually have small amounts of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). These are essential molecules in the constitution of organisms. For most of the tasks, cells require protein. Among their multiple functions, we have their role as structural components, participation in metabolic regulation, the transport of other molecules, and immune defense.
What are Amino Acids?
Amino acids are organic substances that contain at least one amino group (-NH 2 ) and at least one acid group, which is always the carboxyl group (-COOH) except in the case of taurine (which is -SO 3 H). In this way, we can establish a general structural formula for all the amino acids.
It is important to note that the carbon is asymmetric (it is attached to four different radicals) in all amino acids except glycine. All amino acids have optical activity (in a solution, they deviate the plane of polarized light to the left or the right), except for glycine. Only levorotatory amino acids, L, are part of proteins.
Another vital characteristic of amino acids is that they are amphoteric. When dissolved in aqueous water, amino acids can ionize as an acid when the pH is fundamental, as a base when the pH is acidic, or as both an acid and a base when the pH is neutral.
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Classification of Amino Acids Peptides
There are numerous different amino acids in nature, but only about 20 are part of proteins; they are what we call proteinogenic. Here we will only deal with these 20 amino acids.
According to their structure, amino acids class as follows:
- Apolar
- Aliphatic. Alanine, valine, proline, methionine, leucine, and isoleucine
- Aromatic. Phenylalanine and tryptophan
- polar
- Basics. Histidine, arginine, and lysine.
- Acids. aspartate and glutamate.
- Without charge. Glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, and Glutamine.
What are the 5 Amino Acids Proteins?
On the other hand, some amino acids are not synthesizable by the body and therefore come through the diet. These are called essential amino acids. For the human species, there are eight essential amino acids: threonine, methionine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. Histidine is considered necessary during growth, but not in adults.
What are Peptides?
A peptide is a molecule that results from the union of two or more amino acids (AA) through amide bonds. In peptides and proteins, these amide bonds are called peptide bonds and result from the reaction of the carboxyl group of one AA with the amino group of another, with the elimination of a water molecule. Peptides are generally considered, according to the author, to be no greater than 50 or 100 amino acids. Also, in general, a polypeptide chain is regarded as a peptide and not a protein if its molecular weight is less than 5,000 daltons.
Peptide Types
When the peptide is less than 10 AA, it is an oligopeptide (dipeptide, tripeptide, etc.). If a peptide contains between 10 and 50 AA, it is a polypeptide. When the number of AA is higher, it is called a protein. In living beings, more than 1000 AA proteins exist.
Regardless of the length of the polypeptide chain, there will always be an unreacted NH 2 group (the amino terminus) and an unreacted COOH group (the carboxyl terminus). Each peptide or polypeptide is conventionally written from left to right, starting from the N-terminus, which has a free amino group and ending with the C-terminus, where there is a free carboxyl group. When naming an oligopeptide, the main AA is the one that retains the carboxyl group. The rest of the AAs are named substituents, starting with the AA that occupies the amino terminus. Thus, for example, a Pro-Tyr-Lys tripeptide will be called prolyl-tyrosyl-lysine.
Functions of Peptides
Among the various natural functions that peptides can develop, we can highlight:
Vasoactive agents
They regulate blood pressure. An example is that the precursor protein makes the octapeptide angiotensin II hydrolysis without vasopressor activity. Another example would be bradykinin, a hypotensive nonapeptide (vasodilator activity).
Hormones
Here we have numerous examples here are the most important:
Oxytocin: nonapeptide secreted by the pituitary gland. It causes uterine contraction and milk secretion by the mammary gland, facilitating the delivery and feeding of the newborn.
Vasopressin: nonapeptide that increases the reabsorption of water in the kidney (antidiuretic hormone).
Somatostatin: 14 amino acids. Inhibits the release of growth hormone
Insulin: 51 amino acids. It stimulates the absorption of glucose by the cells (decreases the presence of glucose in the blood). Insulin is the first peptide sequenced by chemical methods.
Glucagon: 29 amino acids. Its effects are the opposite of insulin’s; it helps increase blood glucose levels.
Neurotransmitters. Among the peptides that carry out these functions, we have the enkephalins (5 AAs), β-endorphin (31 AAs), and substance P (11 AAs).
Antioxidants. The role of the tripeptide glutathione is essential as a cellular antioxidant. Reduces reactive oxygen species that are toxic to the cell.
Are Peptides Proteins?
Proteins with high molecular weight biomolecules are of a linear chain of amino acids. They link by peptide bonds that remain folded to show a three-dimensional structure.
Proteins perform numerous functions in the body. They are structural proteins or proteins with biological activity generically depending on their process.
Structural proteins intervene in the constitution of tissues, organs, and cells. Examples include collagen, which is part of the skin, ligaments, tendons, bone, and matrix of various organs.
Proteins with biological activity intervene or facilitate a biochemical process in the organism. The functions here are almost innumerable, from regulating metabolic processes to participating in the defense (immune system), passing through being transport molecules for other molecules in the blood.
What is the Difference Between Peptide and Protein Hormones?
Peptide and protein hormones are signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes in the body. While they share similarities, there are some notable differences between peptide and protein hormones:
- Structure: Peptide hormones are relatively small molecules composed of short chains of amino acids, typically ranging from a few to around 50 amino acids in length. Protein hormones, on the other hand, are larger and more complex molecules composed of longer chains of amino acids, often exceeding 50 amino acids.
- Synthesis and Secretion: Peptide hormones are generally synthesized as preprohormones, which are then processed into prohormones and cleaved to form the active peptide hormone. They are typically stored in secretory vesicles and are released from cells via exocytosis upon stimulation. In contrast, protein hormones are synthesized as larger precursor molecules called prohormones. These prohormones undergo post-translational modifications, including proteolytic cleavage, to generate the active protein hormone.
- Mode of Action: Peptide hormones usually bind to cell surface receptors, triggering a signaling cascade involving second messengers. They often act relatively quickly and have a short duration of action. Protein hormones, on the other hand, can have both cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors. They may act through more complex mechanisms, including gene transcription and protein synthesis, leading to more prolonged effects.
- Examples: Peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, and growth hormone-releasing hormone. Examples of protein hormones include insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and parathyroid hormone (PTH).
It’s important to note that these distinctions between peptide and protein hormones are not absolute, as there can be overlap and exceptions. The classification of a hormone as either peptide or protein is on its specific structural and functional characteristics.
What are Peptide Protein Benefits?
Both peptides and proteins offer various benefits in different contexts:
Peptide Benefits:
- Enhanced Recovery: Certain peptides have been shown to aid in tissue repair and recovery after injuries or surgeries.
- Skin Health: Peptides are commonly in skincare products due to their potential to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce signs of aging.
- Hormonal Regulation: Some peptides can influence hormone production and regulation, potentially assisting with issues like growth hormone deficiency or regulating appetite.
- Muscle Growth: Certain peptides may stimulate muscle growth and increase muscle mass when combined with appropriate exercise and diet.
Protein Benefits:
- Muscle Building and Repair: Proteins are crucial for muscle growth, repair, and maintenance. They provide amino acids for synthesizing new proteins and promoting muscle recovery after workouts.
- Satiety and Weight Management: Protein-rich foods can promote feelings of fullness and satiety, helping curb hunger and supporting weight management goals.
- Nutrient Source: Proteins are a source of essential amino acids and provide necessary nutrients for various bodily functions, including enzyme production, immune system support, and hormone synthesis.
- Energy Production: Proteins can be used as an energy source when limited carbohydrate stores, such as during prolonged exercise or low-carbohydrate diets.
Hemoglobin molecule
According to their chemical composition, proteins are two main types:
Simple. Consisting only of amino acids. Among them, we have albumins, globulins, and histones.
Conjugates. They are in the composition other different molecules in addition to amino acids. The non-amino acid part is in the prosthetic group. Among them, we have glycoproteins or mucoproteins, lipoproteins, and metalloproteins.
What is the Difference Between Peptide and Protein?
The main difference between peptides and proteins lies in their size and complexity. Peptides are relatively small chains of amino acids, consisting of fewer than 50 amino acids. They are formed by peptide bonds between one amino acid’s amino group and another’s carboxyl group. Peptides can have various biological functions and act as signaling molecules, hormones, or enzyme inhibitors.
Conversely, proteins are larger and more complex molecules composed of one or more polypeptide chains. They are typically composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acids. Proteins have well-defined three-dimensional structures and perform various functions in living organisms, including catalyzing biochemical reactions, transporting molecules, providing structural support, and serving as receptors or antibodies.
The main distinctions between peptides and proteins are their size and complexity. Peptides are smaller chains of amino acids, while proteins are larger and more complex structures composed of one or more polypeptide chains.
What is the Difference Between Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins?
To conclude talking about proteins could take us several posts to define all their functions or types, so for now, we will leave it here, keeping the idea that proteins are the molecules that carry out most of the tasks of the cells.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are small organic molecules. They compose of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain. Peptides are short chains of amino acids connect together by peptide bonds. Conversely, proteins are larger and more complex molecules. They make up of one or more polypeptide chains and perform a wide range of functions in living organisms. In summary, amino acids are individual units, peptides are short chains of amino acids, and proteins are larger and more complex structures of one or more polypeptide chains.